Psychiatric and Psychological Contributions System

Question: Examine about the Psychiatric and Psychological Contributions System. Answer: Presentation The psychological wellness issues of the people are a record-breaking issue that relies on the attention to the people. With the upgrade of consciousness of emotional well-being among the people, the interest for its administrations additionally increments. Therefore, the rewarding side effects basing upon the specific judgments is set up explicitly to empower the people to reestablish their working level before the sickness will be absolutely surfaced(Abuse, 2013). In this manner an elevated level of successful just as proficient model of emotional wellness administration is required for the treatment of mental handicaps of the people. This report brings out concentration upon the procedures by which the mental states of the patients are determined to have a plan to reestablish the useful level by which the perusers can get rewarding the psychological instability of the people. Brief Discussion about the idea of Recovery According to Eisenberg, Hunt Speer, similar to the quality based methodology, the recuperation creates the rules before individuals in directing the patients living in the emotional wellness care focus. These core values will fill in as the base in encouraging the adjustments in the life of those patients. Thusly the recuperation is one of the procedures that will work profoundly just as actually to change a people life by changing that people perspectives, sentiments, values, aptitudes just as jobs. With recuperation there happens as new significance or new motivation behind existence of the matured individuals living in the psychological consideration centre(Eisenberg, Hunt Speer, 2013). In that specific circumstance, Forbes Watt said that, the idea of recuperation will not mean any sort of fix rather it tends to be considered the lovely educational experience. Consequently, the recuperation encourages the person to adjust to the side effects by rethinking their own personality. Essentially the emotional well-being care focuses intentionally or automatically welcome numerous patients where the outskirts of the social laborers differs in a wide range(Forbes Watt, 2015). With an intend to become recoup arranged expert the individual should do the individual focussed psychosocial process. Essentially the recuperation treatment works in mending the patients just as their relatives. Reason for the Assessment According to Aguirre et al, this specific review depends on the circumstance where the individual is working in an emotional well-being focus explicitly with psychogeriatric units. These psychogeriatric units of the wellbeing community comprise of the people maturing 65 years or more. Also, in this unit, the patients are for the most part conceded intentionally or automatically. In these wards, the social laborers offer help, instruction just as observing to manage the dysfunctional behavior just as mental state of the patients(Aguirre et al., 2013). Also, this ward is built up to give and keep up the multidisciplinary procedure that takes the consideration of the patient just as their family in managing their social, enthusiastic and physical requirements. In this contextBowling said that psychiatry is the perspective that portrays the state of mind just as psychological well-being issues. All things considered, the usage of recuperation and quality based methodology will help in building a communitarian relationship in the middle of the consideration suppliers. Thusly this methodology will bring about improving the prosperity alongside the personal satisfaction of the patient inside the heath care centre(Bowling, 2014). Consequently, a recuperation just as quality based methodology is an absolute necessity to unmistakably examine the arrangement. All things considered, an away from of the quality and recuperation based practice for the dysfunctional behavior patients. Brief Demographics of the Local Community The portrayal of the socioeconomics of the neighborhood network in Australia significantly covers the fundamental measurements of the number of inhabitants in the urban areas alongside their ethnicity and the religion of that place. Basing upon that factor the ongoing depiction of the populace is evaluated to be 24,415,800 by which the nation comes in the situation of 52nd crowded nation over the globe. The in particular the Australian socioeconomics should be concentrated upon the urban territories that is required to surpass the figure of 28 million constantly 2030. In addition the spot has the normal populace thickness of 3.2 people per square kilometer of all out land territory. This brought about the living of 89.1% of the populace living in the urban regions of Australia. Out of the considerable number of variables that influence the socioeconomics in this evaluation is the age structure. The age structure of Australia give the way that the 15.8% of populace goes under the age structure of 55-64 years and 20.1% of populace goes under the age gathering of 65 years and over. Along these lines according to the situation of this appraisal the emotional wellness care focus nearly comprise of the patient for the most part matured in the middle of 65 years or more. Mental Care Center and its practices This methodology depends on the part where the social specialist deals with the distinguishing proof of qualities inside an individual or it family or network. After the recognizable proof of the imperative quality that is again added to the person in the middle for the upgrade of their self-satisfaction and recuperating. As indicated by Corey, the quality based methodology works with its strategies in managing the individuals with mental incapacities and recouping them from their dangerous mental life(Corey, 2015). In addition, the structure of recuperation approach fascinates the practices that improve the investigation, assembly, advancement, revelation alongside utilizing the benefits, assets just as their qualities that have been utilized the individuals in their networks. Every one of these exercises are done for accomplishing the objectives by understanding their fantasies. Consequently this draws out the valuation of the associations, aptitudes, information, potential and limit by perceiving the inbuilt characteristics of the individuals just as their networks. Likewise I am additionally working in that psychogeriatic unit. A large portion of the occasions I take section of land that the staff individuals to work in cooperation by helping each other which will bring about drawing out the co-makers of help. Corresponding to this case it is apparent that this methodology gives a negative angle in rewarding the state of mind of old patients when contrasted with the youthful patients. The old patients show their reaction of late when contrasted with the youthful patients. Still the positive piece of this is it draws out the positive properties out from the people making them dependable to share with respect to their issues before the expert. It is, along these lines, by getting this community procedure I center around drawing the qualities and resources from the matured people in the human services. As a consideration supplier, I essentially think about a portion of these gauges in rewarding the psychological patients. According to Corrigan, DrussPerlick, the procedures must be objective situated for qualities evaluation by drawing each conceivable asset from the earth just as techniques that ought to be plainly utilized for the recognizable proof of the patient just as making their objective fulfillment (Corrigan, DrussPerlick, 2014). These principles help me in building an important relationship with the patient just as their relatives which is an expectation inciting and significant decision. These norms additionally help me to manage the matured patients in the consideration community. The recuperation treatment works by putting significance over the moving of their accentuation from the patients indications just as incapacities towards the recognizable proof o their qualities just as positive trait. When contrasted with the quality based methodology the energy in the recuperating procedure is its fabricates a steadfast and reliable connection with the patients. With this they can have the option to be agreeable and can share their issues decisively. This outcomes in the application compelling treatment by which they can be restored structure their psychological instability. In that procedure, the consideration suppliers like me set up adequate measure of trust by building a remedial relationship with their customers. At the point when the patients go into the emotional wellness care around then the specialists or the staff individuals cause them to clarify and from there on the recuperation procedure begins (FortinashWorret, 2014). A short time later, there happens the move which is in the middle of the specialist to the patient. The move can be said positive if the circumstance will be loaded up with energy, regard just as confidence. This will give quality and inspiration to the patient to recoup in its state of mind. Despite the fact that it has a large number of the constructive side effects still a noteworthy extent of individuals are there who despite everything make due with psychological maladjustment having positive lingering side effects and stamped negative indications alongside different subjective deficiencies. In the wake of experiencing a solid recuperation approach they despite everything can't accomplish their work with adequate potential. For the most part with the disappointment of psychotropic prescription individuals become unfit to return to the existence track. They are carrying on with the life however away from the standard of life which is the most negative part of recuperation approach. The relatives of the patients were fundamentally overseen through the arrangement centered treatment. It essentially centers around the issue that individuals needs to accomplish as opposed to the issue that drove them to request help. Comparable to this, the treatment controls the way toward urging the influenced people to cause them to decide towards their own pathways just as answers for accomplish the life goals(RederLucey, 2014). This will the compelling method to answer all the issues. All in all, this methodology keeps its inside upon the future desires of the person by focus upon a straightforward thing that will wind up with existence without the issue. The explanation for this is in any ki

Big Bang Theory Development Research Paper Example

Theory of the universe's origin Development Research Paper Example Theory of prehistoric cosmic detonation Development Paper Theory of the universe's origin Development Paper The Theory of the Big Bang began from perceptions and logical realities. The Big Bang hypothesis regions that after the Big Bang the presence extended from its unique pea-sized starting to galactic extents. furthermore, the expansion of the presence despite everything proceeds with today however at a much more slow rate. In the twentieth century numerous logical improvements were made by researchers that added to the inventive action of the Big Bang Theory. In 1910 Vesto Slipher was the first individual to recognize removals in quite a while in cosmic systems. What he had found was the galactic red movements. A galactic red move is a displacing of ghastly lines toward longer frequencies. What Slipher explicitly watched was that the phantom lines of numerous clouds showed a reddish uprooting that demonstrated motion off from planet Earth. Around 1912 Carl Wilhelm Wirtz like Vesto Slipher watched a precise red move of nebulae. While identifying the red move he went to the choice that comparative with the current area of the nearby planetary group the winding nebulae is going off from the close planetary system. He in this way found it is going off from the close planetary system at 656 kilometers for each second. This gave exploratory grounds that the presence was spread excursion. In 1916 Albert Einstein distributed his Theory of General relativity. The General relativity Theory expresses that gravity emerges from the shape of interminable and clasp. It other than said that the presence was either embraced or spread excursion. Today the hypothesis is utilized to delineate gravity in regular ways of thinking. Einstein’s hypothesis was compelling to the advancement of the Big Bang hypothesis since it made the cosmogonic constant. Alexander Friedmann utilized Einstein’s hypothesis so as to concoct his ain discoveries. He applied general relativity to cosmology without using the cosmogonic constant. He discovered answers for field conditions that made the starter work of the Big Bang Theory. His answers made the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker Universe. Friedmann’s work was imperative to the advancement of the Big Bang Theory since his work indicated that it is plausibility of a changing presence. Georges Lemaitre expressed that the presence started with an explosion of a native iota in 1927. This idea was hence called the Big Bang. Lemaitre utilized the Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker Universe and Einstein’s General Relativity as a base to his theory. With his speculation he made a hypothetical record of the presence to distinguish the removals in the Spiral Nebulae. With this hypothetical record he had the option to turn out that the presence was in actuality spread excursion. Edwin Hubble found that different systems exist other than the Milky Way Galaxy. With this think that its made the chance of a Bang increasingly conceivable. In 1929 Edwin Hubble distributed Hubble’s Law . This law expresses that the downturn speed of a far off extragalactic item is straight comparative with its separation. His perception presumed that the presence was one time compacted undertaking. His statute prompted the inventive movement of the Big Bang Model. These researchers added to the innovative action to the Big Bang hypothesis. as we probably am aware it is to be today. A large number of these researchers utilized each other’s work I request to advance or elucidate their ain perceptions or discoveries. Despite the fact that these researchers were at long last ready to elucidate the technique of the Big Bang they were non effective in clear uping why the Big Bang happened.

The Pros and Cons of Pawn Shop Cash Advances

The Pros and Cons of Pawn Shop Cash Advances The Pros and Cons of Pawn Shop Cash Advances The Pros and Cons of Pawn Shop Cash AdvancesPawning your valuables for some quick cash is a safer bet than taking out a predatory payday loan, but youre still putting a lot at risk.Pawn shops are a common sight in pretty much every American town or city. But what do you actually know about pawn shops? Other than watching a couple episodes of Pawn Stars, do you know how pawn shops actually work? If you were in a financial bind, would you choose to turn to one for a quick  cash advance?If you don’t know the answers to those questions, you’ve come to the right page. We’ll lay out how pawn shops and their cash advance products work, and well also break down the pros and cons of a pawn shop loan compared to similar types of financial products. It won’t be as fun as Pawn Stars, but it’ll be a heck of a lot more informative.How do pawn shops work?It helps to think of a pawn shop the way you would any other lender. They lend you an amount of money that you then have to repay plus i nterest. The loans they issue are secured loans, which means they use a valuable piece of property as collateral.One of the big differences between a pawn shop and a regular lender is that you actually bring your collateral to them and they hold on to it until the loan is repaid. If you can’t pay them back, they simply put the item up for sale in their shop. With an auto or mortgage loan, you can maintain possession of the house or car that’s securing the loan. But with a pawn shop loan, that isn’t so.Another difference with pawn shop cash advance is that your collateral isn’t something massive like a car or a house, it’s something small, like a piece of jewelry or a TV or a vintage comic book. And while some small items can have a very high value, most of them are worth much less than a car or a house. As such, the amount you’ll borrow from a pawn shop is much smaller compared than the amount youll borrow with traditional personal loans.What are the terms for a pawn sho p cash advance?While the amount you can borrow from a pawnshop will depend on what item you use as collateral, it is common for the broker to only offer you a fraction of the items full value. According to the National Pawnbrokers Association, the average pawn shop loan is only $150.Pawn shop cash advances are designed to be short-term loans. And while the laws that govern pawn shops vary from state to state, the standard pawn shop loan term is around one month. That means you have one month to pay your loan back plus interest before the pawn shop can put your item up for sale.Those short terms can make it difficult for people to pay their cash advance back on time. Additionally, these loans aren’t designed to be paid off in series of payments like an installment loan. Instead, they are meant to be paid back all at once, similar to short-term payday loans. That lump-sum repayment can also make paying your loan back more difficult.And then there are the interest rates, which are mu ch higher than the rates for standard loans, despite the pawn shop brokers literally holding onto the borrower’s collateral in the event they don’t repay. While interest rates for pawn shop loans vary state to state, the experts at Nolo.com state that pawn shops often charge anywhere from 15 percent to 240 percent interest on their products, depending on state and local laws. Plus, many shops can add additional fees and charges on top of that.What are the pros of a pawn shop cash advance?When it comes to securing some quick cash for emergency expenses, pawn shop cash advances have a few real advantages over other small-dollar loans.No credit check, no credit worries. While there are many types of no credit check loans  out there that dont care about your credit scoreâ€"and even many bad credit loans that will still run a soft check on your creditâ€"all those loans could still harm your score if you don’t pay them back. Pawn shop cash advances, however, do not run that risk. If the loan isn’t paid back, the pawn shop won’t send you to a debt collector who then reports your account to the credit bureaus. Instead, they’ll just sell your collateral.Relatively lower interest rates. Even though pawn shop loans have very high interest rates, they are still much cheaper relative to payday and title loans, which can have APRs that average 300 percent or higher. If you have bad credit or no credit, this loan is a cheaper alternative to predatory payday lending.Get in, get cash, get out. Most no credit check lenders and cash advance shops will get you your money quickly, and pawn shops are no exception. And youll almost always get your money faster through a pawn shop than you will with an online loan. If you need to come up with a couple hundred dollars, and you only have a matter of hours, then heading on down to your local pawn shop is an easy way to get the cash you needâ€"assuming, of course, that you have an item valuable enough to secure the funds.Whil e pawn shop loans aren’t going to secure you a lot of money and could lead to you paying more than you originally borrowed in fees and interest, they are a pretty handy way to get cash in a hurryâ€"and don’t pose nearly as much of a financial threat as predatory payday loans.What are the cons of a pawn shop cash advance?Still, while pawn shop loans might have a leg up on other types of predatory loans, that doesn’t mean that they’re all sunshine and puppy dogs. They still pose a serious financial risk, and in many instances can be considered predatory loans themselves.Revving up the debt cycle. With short-term loans like these, there is a good chance that you won’t be able to pay the loan back on time. In cases like that, pawn shops will often let you extend your due date in return for additional fees or interest. This can lead to a predatory cycle of debt, wherein you’re constantly throwing more money at your cash advance loan without ever getting closer to paying off t he loan itself.Those interest rates are still super high. The point of securing a loan with collateral is that it makes lending that money less risky for the lender. If the borrower doesn’t pay them back, the collateral ensures it won’t be a total loss. And less risk for the lender usually translates to lower rates for the borrower. It’s a win-win. But a pawn shop cash advance isn’t like that. Despite the pawn shop risking very little in issuing the loan, many of them are still charging APRs between 15 and 240 percent. These are only a win-win if you’re the lender. They win either way.You can’t borrow that much. As we mentioned before, the amount you’ll be able to borrow with a pawn shop cash advance will depend on the value of the item that you’re pawning. But the fact remains that you’ll only receive a fraction of what that item’s really worth. With an average loan size of only $150, pawn shop cash advances don’t make for a great solution to emergency expense s. Given the cost of living these days, a couple hundred bucks won’t get you very far at all.You risk losing your stuff. While pawn shop loans don’t hold a candle to title loans, which put you at risk of using your car, you are still putting your valuables at risk when you pawn an item for some extra cash. If it’s something you don’t care about seeing again, then you don’t need to worry. But if it’s a valuable family heirloom or a pricey piece of electronics, then you run the real risk of never seeing it again, especially with how difficult these loans can be to repay.Pawn shop loans might be a safer option than a predatory payday loan, but they still come with plenty of downsides all their own. If you need quick cash to pay for an unexpected or emergency expenses, odds are that a pawn shop isn’t going to cut it.To learn more about borrowing money with bad credit, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:Payday Loan Rollover: How Short-Term Loans Turn I nto Long-Term DebtWant to Avoid No Credit Check Loans? Build an Emergency FundCan a Bad Credit Loan Help Raise Your Credit Score?Have you ever used a pawn shop? Did you have a good or a bad experience? We want to hear from you!  You can  email us  or you can find us on  Facebook  and  Twitter.Visit OppLoans on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedIN

Hip-Hop Culture - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1492 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/08/07 Category Music Essay Level High school Tags: Hip Hop Essay Did you like this example? Hip-hop is born in post-industrial New York and came out of the neglected minority youth of the city. It is a major part of black American culture. It is a form of communication in that through music it expressed the black community. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Hip-Hop Culture" essay for you Create order It expressed the struggles and accomplishments that they went through. It expressed resistance against society, but not about social order. It is used to stand up for injustice and humanity. In 1988, N.W.A released Fuck tha Police, a protest song, to show their attitude toward police brutality. The lyrics of the song protested police brutality and racial profiling and it criticized the local police force. Although hip-hop artists used music as a form of communication, they also presented women as props and objects through different media. Although there are hip-hop artists of both genders, the hip-hop industry is male-dominated. Therefore, the marketing strategies for each gender vary when it comes to music production and the content of the lyrics. In hip-hop, males are considered to be aggressive, dominant, and flattened whereas females are submissive, hypersexual, and silenced. Male tend to play on their masculinity. Their marketing strategies are based on their ability to get wome n. The lyrics are centered around instructing women to perform sexual behaviors and this leads to the objectification of women. The media is using the female bodies to promote the rap culture. White America sexualize, devalue, and objectify the bodies of black women. It is very common for black women to be oversexualized and to be used as props in music videos. They are used as inanimate objects for visual experience whether it is through their clothing or their action. The objectification of women is shown in a music video Tip Drill or E.I. (reinvention) released by Nelly in 2000. When a woman is referred to as Tip Drill it means that she has a breathtaking body but an average-looking face. The lyrics of the song included, You lookin good in them shorts, but they look better on the flo, Toot that ass up mama, put that dip in ya back, It must be ya ass cause it aint yo face, and I need a freak that will not choke. The lyrics of the song themselves objectify and degrade women. However, the music video takes the trope of misogyny to a whole different level. In the music video, women, mainly African American are surrounded by male artists. Women are seen barely clothed whereas men are fully clothed. Money is thrown over the females bodies. The camera is focused on the females genitalia. Nelly swipes a credit card between a females behind while looking mischievously into the camera. Women are performing sexual behaviors and sexual activities. This suggests that money drive females sexual performance and that they are strippers or prostitutes. In the music video, mo st of the women are black. This is a stereotype of how the mass media depicts the black female body. The media see the black female body as exotic, untamed, sexual objects. Womens bodies are seen as disposable sources of sexual pleasure and income. Although the hip-hop culture is mainly dominated by males, misogynistic lyrics and unpleasant music videos lead to females being disrespected and shamed on. Cheryl Keyes grouped hip-hop femininities into four major categories: the queen mother, fly girl, sista with attitude, and lesbian. These categories identify the number of experiences that women brought to the hip-hop culture. Imani Perry mentioned on how black womens roles as badasses show resistance in hip-hop. When women are badasses, they find their voice. It becomes a strategy for expressing feminism. Perry stated that badass black women offer a more complicated narrative in that their narrative shows their rage and frustration on how it is like to be in a male-dominated black community. They are usually racially oppressed, sexually abused, robbed of gender roles, and overburdened by community responsibility. Perry builds upon Keyess idea that a sista with attitude conveys that rage is a privilege that is reserved for both genders. Through their lyrics, they are able to show their assertiveness, attitude, and independence just like that of black men rappers. In hip-hop, anger is considered a valid dimension for females. They are looked upon as victims in that they are mistreated. Through hip-hop, they can voice their frustration and rage. With this in mind, Regina N. Bradley grouped hip-hop masculinities into four main categories. The philosopher kings are performers who promote the worl d and their position around them. They are viewed as touchstones of the hip-hop culture and portals to experiences lodged in hip-hop that may not translate to a white audience. The playas and pimps expressed hypermasculinity and hypersexuality through the commercial hip-hop culture. They are highly visible, heterosexual, misogynistic, and the crux of hip-hops Black cool pose. They see hip-hop as male-dominated and at the expense of women. Dope boys and trap stars identity are associated with the drug culture. They are nihilistic, violent, and quick-witted disclosures about their knowledge of the drug game. Hustlers are characterized by their ability to think and respond quickly and effectively. They have strong desire and determination to succeed. Their narratives focused on their struggle as well as their path to success. They are recognized as powerful and important figures in hip-hop. Tricia Rose divided sexism in hip-hop into two groups. The first group is those who do not speak about the prevention of discrimination when it comes to black women. They do not offer support of feminist agendas. They focus on protecting America from hip-hop and deviant black people. This groups main concern is respect, however, not in the sense of womens rights or the nature of the male-dominated culture. For them, the disrespect some black men shown to black women is a sign of insubordinate black masculinity. The second group is those who challenge misogyny against black women and perceive hip-hop as having a harmful and destructive effect. They are concerned about the influence of commercial hip-hop on black women and how they are viewed as sexual objects which may affect the black communities. Rose said that. the emphasis on the degradation of women has roots in white conservatism, it also has solid roots in black religious and patriarchal conservative values. Mainstream masculin ity continues to treated women as if they are less valuable than men. Women are less powerful socially, economically, and politically. Males tried to control, label, and exploit womens sexuality. Images and lyrics from commercial hip-hop treated black women with disrespect and disregard. Males used women as props that boost their egos. They treated womens bodies as sexual objects. In 2005, 50 Cent released Candy Shop. Throughout the music video, there is a clear representation of male dominance and wealth. At the beginning of the video, 50 Cent drives into a mansion in a Ferrari. When he enters the mansion, women are dressed very sexually, revealing, and provocatively. There are only one male and a numerous number of females. Near the end of the video, 50 Cent picks up his order from a drive-thru window and tells the female worker to keep the remaining of the change. This portrays that males make the money and have more control of power whereas females are working at a job that paid minimum wage. 50 Cent has enough money and does not need the change. Since the change is unnecessary, he is telling the female worker to keep the change. In the music video, women are viewed as sexual objects in the way they are dressed. Men can control and play around with women. Women are viewed as sources of sexual pleasure and income. On the other hand, the representation of women in hip-hop is completely the opposite. Women are encouraged to dress and dance in a sexual way. They are used as decoration in music videos. Men look at women sexual body parts with their sexual long ing gaze. This does not apply to the females in the music videos but also to female hip-hop artists. In many music videos, the number of women always outnumbered the number of men. Women are dressed in a sexual manner by wearing short and tight dresses as well as bikini and swimsuits. These outfits centered around their sexual bodies. Womens behaviors and actions meet the mens wants and desires. Many of the womens behaviors and actions show that they are objects to men and that they are used for their pleasure. White America portrays males and females differently in the hip-hop culture. In a male-dominated community, men are viewed as aggressive, dominant, and flattened. Women are considered submissive, hypersexual, and silenced. White America and mass media devalue and demean women in the hip-hop culture. Women are dressed in a sexual way to perform sexual behaviors and actions around men. Thus, they are looked upon as sexual objects and props to men. They are objectified. They are used as sexual pleasure and entertainment for men. They are not being respected as women.

Comparative Study of Wuthering Heights, Translations, and...

The texts that I have studied and prepared for my comparative course are: Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte, Translations by Brian Friel, and I’m not scared directed by Gabriel Salvatores. When I address the cultural context of a text I refer to the worlds of the texts, the circumstances which face the plots and the characters of the texts. Some elements of the cultural context of each and every text are the world’s attitudes, social rituals, and structures. Coming to grips with the general norm of the society with in each texts and how the characters behave enables me to enjoy each text all the more. Understanding the world in which each text is set in and thus being able to compare the aspects of their society and what is involved in†¦show more content†¦Anna dreams of visiting the seaside and eating in a restaurant. The people in Southern Italy were poor and run-down. The difference between the social standing of Southern Italy and Northern Italy lead to the country experiencing spate of kidnappings hence the kidnapping of Filippo. Filippo is from a family among the ranks of the higher hierarchy of Italy at that time. This caused him to be held against his will to be held for ransom by the people of Acqua Traverse in hopes that their lives might change for the better and for them to be able to climb higher in their social ladder. Similar to the situation in Translations, Maire desires to go to America in order to acquire a better subsistence. In each text, class structure plays an important role and affects the behaviour of the characters in how they respond to society and the norm and in what choices they make in connection with their rank the class system. Studying the significance of class structure in the cultural context of each narrative benefitted me in my understanding of each text which made my study all the more pleasurable. The setting in the cultural context of a text is definitely important when looking at character development, conflict, and the overall plot. Its the setting for all that is to come; it can convey so much about whom the people are and the way they live. The setting of a narrative can be a character of its own. In all three narratives, the setting is conveyed in a remote, ruralShow MoreRelatedComparative Study of Wuthering Heights, Translations, and IM No Scared2092 Words   |  9 PagesThe texts that I have studied and prepared for my comparative course are: Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte, Translations by Brian Friel, and I’m not scared directed by Gabriel Salvatores. When I address the cultural context of a text I refer to the worlds of the texts, the circumstances which face the plots and the characters of the texts. Some elements of the cultural context of each and every text are the world’s attitudes, social rituals, and structures. Coming to grips with the general norm Comparative Study of Wuthering Heights, Translations, and... The texts that I have studied and prepared for my comparative course are: Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte, Translations by Brian Friel, and I’m not scared directed by Gabriel Salvatores. When I address the cultural context of a text I refer to the worlds of the texts, the circumstances which face the plots and the characters of the texts. Some elements of the cultural context of each and every text are the world’s attitudes, social rituals, and structures. Coming to grips with the general norm of the society with in each texts and how the characters behave enables me to enjoy each text all the more. Understanding the world in which each text is set in and thus being able to compare the aspects of their society and what is involved in†¦show more content†¦Maire: â€Å"The best harvest in living memory,†¦ (Showing Jimmy her hands.) Look at these blisters.† Maire: â€Å"There are ten below me to be raised and no man in the house†¦.† During the Victorian era in Wuthering Heights, women were expected to be obedient, disciplined and faithful. Catherine does not conform to these expectations. There is also a subtle reversal of roles in young Cathy’s marriages where, contrary to traditional norms, she appears to be the dominant partner. She tended to Linton who was a spoilt, sickly weakling. Later Hareton also needs help and encouragement to develop after years of degradation at the hands of Heathcliff. Comparing the cultural context of the narratives heightened my enjoyment and helped me have a better experience and insight into the role of women and how they lived their lives subservient under men in a patriarchal society. One of the aspects of cultural context I enjoyed covering on my comparative course is how the class structure in each narrative is divided up. Social class is not solely dependent on the amount of money one has. Rather, the source of income, birth, and family connections plays a major role in determining one’s position in society. England in the nineteenth century was an extremely class-conscious society and social class is an important element in Wuthering Heights. We see the distinction between the two families in Emily Bronte’s novel and their rank on the socialShow MoreRelatedComparative Study of Wuthering Heights, Translations, and IM No Scared2105 Words   |  9 PagesThe texts that I have studied and prepared for my comparative course are: Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte, Translations by Brian Friel, and I’m not scared directed by Gabriel Salvatores. When I address the cultural context of a text I refer to the worlds of the texts, the circumstances which face the plots and the characters of the texts. Some elements of the cultural context of each and every text are the world’s attitudes, social rituals, and structures. Coming to grips with the general norm

Materialism in Gullivers Travels and Candide - 1508 Words

Writers can make suggestions or to try to change something about a society or simply to poke fun or satirize a part of a culture. Often these writings are aimed at a specific group of people. In the case of Jonathan Swift in Gulliver’s Travels and Voltaire in Candide, their writing is aimed at European society and its preoccupation with materialism. Swift and Voltaire satirize the behaviors of the wealthy upper class by citing two different extremes. In Gulliver’s Travels the yahoos are not even human but they behave the same way towards colored stones that the Europeans do. In contrast, the people of El Dorado do not care at all about the gold and jewels that align their streets. The writers are hoping that perhaps the reader will†¦show more content†¦When Candide and his companion Cacambo arrive in El Dorado they see the streets covered in gold and other expensive jewels. Seeing a child playing with these jewels Candide assumes that the child is royalt y. Candide and Cacambo come to know and are surprised that the people of El Dorado throw such â€Å"important† items down on the street as common pebbles. When they are ready to leave the city, they ask to take some of the gold and jewels off the road and imagine â€Å"more treasure than every the King of Spain will be possessed of† (346). The King is very surprised but obliges their request: â€Å"I cannot imagine what pleasure you Europeans find in our yellow clay; but take away as much of it as you will, and much good may it do you† (345). In El Dorado all people have their needs met, whereas the Europeans believe they need gold to define many aspects of their lives. In Europe, money determines one’s place in society and gives people worth and rights; without money it is difficult to get a meal and a place to sleep, let alone to fulfill one’s goals in life. In Gulliver’s Travels the yahoos hoarded food and fought to possess it all. In El Dorado the people give food freely without any expectations of payment. Candide and Cacambo are strangers; yet they are welcomed into an inn and immediately given a hearty meal without any hesitation (341). The two eat until they can eat no more, without being questioned by any of the people in the inn.Show MoreRelated Comapring Naivete and Satire in Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels and Voltaires Candide2292 Words   |  10 PagesNaivete and Satire in Jonathan Swifts Gullivers Travels and Voltaires Candide       A child has the ability to make the most critical and objective observation on society and the behavior of man. How is this possible? A child has yet to mature and lacks proper education and experience. However, it is for this very reason that a child would make the perfect social scientist; his or her naivete may provide an excellent means of objective criticism and most often satire. A childs curious

Images of Life in 1984 Essay Example For Students

Images of Life in 1984 Essay Pictures and posters on every corner, reminding citizens of Oceania that Big Brother is always watching them. (p4) A cold, dark world. I.e.) Down in the street little eddies of wind were whirling dust and torn paper into spirals, and though the sun was shining and the sun a harsh blue, there seemed to be no colour in anything, except the posters that were plastered everywhere. (p4) Helicopters skimming down between the roofs, a sign of the police patrol, snooping into peoples windows. (p4) Rocket bombs exploding in London with dull, reverberating roars. (p28) Horrible living conditions. I.e.) Never quite enough to eat, one never had socks or underclothes that were not full of holes, furniture had always been bad and rickety, rooms underheated, tube trains crowded, houses falling to pieces, bread dark-coloured nothing cheap and plentiful. (p63) Decaying, dingy cities where underfed people shuffled to and fro in leaky shoes, in patched-up nineteenth-century houses that smelt always of cabbage and bad lavatories. (p77) Bombs dropped on playgrounds with several dozen children blown to pieces. (p156) Amid the decaying buildings in London, during Hate Week, there is singing, banners, dancing, speeches, drums, trumpets, marching, posters, and films. The world today is a bare, hungry, dilapidated place (p196) Each Party member has a telescreen within their home that monitors and scrutinizes each and every move they make. It cannot be turned off. Forced to wear an expression of quiet optimism when facing the telescreen. Had to wear blue overalls, the uniform of the Party. Given a small amount of coupons to trade in for clothing, food, etc. They are constantly under the watch of the Thought Police. Not much food to eat in their homes. Forbidden to enter ordinary shops, however they were forced to do so due to a lack of necessities such as razor blades and shoelaces. Forced to participate in the Two Minutes Hate (p13): Began with a hideous, grinding screech Face of Emmanuel Goldstein, the Enemy of the People, flashed onto the screen Goldstein then delivered usual venomous attack upon the doctrine of the Party, denouncing the dictatorship of the Party (p14). Party members then broke out in rages and leap up and down, ending by chanting B- B,B- B. They were always being watched for symptoms of unorthodoxy (p26). Each morning, they awoke to an ear- piercing whistle (p33) from the telescreen. They were then prompted to take part in various exercises from an instructor on the telescreen. When doing these exercises, known as Physical Jerks, they could never show any dismay or resentment (p39). Party members worked in one of the four ministries: Minitrue, Minipax, Miniluv, or Miniplenty. Main character in 1984, Winston Smith, worked in Minitrue. His job was to rectify (p40) history. Other co- workers did not speak with each other. The Party members were brainwashed into believing anything that the Party told them to believe. This was achieved through doublethink. They believed what the Party told them even though they knew that the opposite of what was being told to them was true as well. The result of the use of doublethink on Party members caused their quality of life to decrease. The Party lied to them, telling them that the quality of life was increasing, even though they knew it was decreasing. Although they knew the truth, they were forced to believe what the Party told them (p62). .u3c74ac750cade7ca57fb76692dcaffcf , .u3c74ac750cade7ca57fb76692dcaffcf .postImageUrl , .u3c74ac750cade7ca57fb76692dcaffcf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3c74ac750cade7ca57fb76692dcaffcf , .u3c74ac750cade7ca57fb76692dcaffcf:hover , .u3c74ac750cade7ca57fb76692dcaffcf:visited , .u3c74ac750cade7ca57fb76692dcaffcf:active { border:0!important; } .u3c74ac750cade7ca57fb76692dcaffcf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3c74ac750cade7ca57fb76692dcaffcf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3c74ac750cade7ca57fb76692dcaffcf:active , .u3c74ac750cade7ca57fb76692dcaffcf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3c74ac750cade7ca57fb76692dcaffcf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3c74ac750cade7ca57fb76692dcaffcf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3c74ac750cade7ca57fb76692dcaffcf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3c74ac750cade7ca57fb76692dcaffcf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3c74ac750cade7ca57fb76692dcaffcf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3c74ac750cade7ca57fb76692dcaffcf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3c74ac750cade7ca57fb76692dcaffcf .u3c74ac750cade7ca57fb76692dcaffcf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3c74ac750cade7ca57fb76692dcaffcf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Teen suicide - Essay Party members could not possess memories (p62). Everyone lived in horrible conditions (p62). Could not trust anybody in fear that they would report you to the Thought Police and have you vaporized (p65). This held true within families as well. Could not let your thoughts wander in public places or in front of telescreens because facial features may not be perfectly under control (p65). Women who worked for the Party never painted their faces and never used scent (p67). Winston described his daily life as slogging through dreary jobs, fighting for a place on the Tube, darning a worn-out sock, cadging a saccharine tablet, and saving a cigarette end (p77). Day and night the telescreens bruised your ears with statistics that people today were better off than the filthy people of fifty years ago (p77). The Party told its members to reject the evidence of their eyes and ears (p84). Party members could not do anything that suggested a liking for solitude (p85). They were expected to be at the Community Center or participating in some kind of communal recreation (p85) in their spare time. It was dangerous to have an ownlife which, in Newspeak, referred to individualism and eccentricity. Winston constantly escaped the horrible world he was living in through his Victory Cigarettes and his Victory Gin (p107). Bibliography:

How Does Temperature Affect Lipase Essay Example

How Does Temperature Affect Lipase Essay How does temperature affect the rate of reaction for Lipase? As the temperature increases, so will the rate of enzyme reaction. However, as the temperature exceeds the optimum the rate of reaction will decrease. I predict that at temperatures above 70 °C the enzyme lipase will become denatured and at temperatures below 10 °C the enzyme will become inactive. Since lipase operates within the human body I’d also predict that its optimum temperature would be around human body temperature which is approximately 37 °C. I predict that before the optimum temperature the rates will gradually increase and preceding the optimum there will be a drastic decrease in rate until the enzyme is denatured. I predict that the rate of enzyme activity at 45 °C will be half that of 30 °C. I predict that the rate of enzyme activity at 45 °C will be half that of 30 °C. Diagram courtesy of: http://www. rsc. org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/enzymes. htm Diagram courtesy of: http://www. rsc. org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/enzymes. htm In my controlled assessment I will be investigating the activity of lipase on milk fat at various temperatures so that I can then find an accurate temperature as to when the enzyme works at its optimum; when it becomes inactive and when it denatures. To find when the enzyme denatures is to find out when the bonds of this protein disintegrate and henceforth disable the enzyme from being of any further use. When these bonds break, the protein starts to unfold and loses some its properties. For example, a denatured protein usually becomes less soluble. As an enzyme, it will lose its ability to function as a catalyst. We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Temperature Affect Lipase specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Temperature Affect Lipase specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How Does Temperature Affect Lipase specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer If the stress that is causing the denaturation continues, other changes may occur. Now that the normal structure of the protein is gone, new bonds may be formed, giving it a different shape. The bonds broken in a denatured enzyme is that of which links the polymers to form the amino acids. This means that if lipase were to denature at the higher temperatures it will then cause inactivity in breaking down the fat of the milk hence leaving the unchanged. In this investigation, however, there are numerous factors as to what can affect the investigations results. First of all, the temperature of the room can play a role in altering the results as it can change the temperature of both the solution and lipase. Moreover if one were to move the solution or lipase to another part of the room, or to carry out the investigation on a different day, the temperature surrounding the solution and lipase will change and henceforth change the temperature of the solution and lipase. Secondly, if the temperature of the water bath isn’t precisely the temperature it is supposed to be then, as expected, would change. Thirdly, the age of the contents can affect the concentration of the substrates which would then decrease the rate of reaction with lipase. Finally, there is the factor of human error, as we may not be capable of making perfect measurements consistently the amounts of each component will inevitably change, which would in effect change the results. Of this investigation our independent variable will be the rate of reaction, which we will measure by timing how long it would take for the solution to turn white after having the lipase poured in. Our dependent variable will be the time it takes for the solution to turn pink after having the lipase poured in. Our controlled variable is that of will be all other factors. Enzyme Diagram courtesy of http://students. cis. uab. edu/clight/finalprojectwhatisanenzyme. html Diagram courtesy of http://students. cis. uab. edu/clight/finalprojectwhatisanenzyme. html An enzyme is a molecule that changes the speed of reactions. Enzymes can build up or break down other molecules. The molecules they react with are called substrates; enzymes are catalysts. An enzyme works by allowing a substrate, or multiple substrates, to enter the active site, which is where the reaction takes place, and then to exit in either more or less pieces then it was when it first entered. The active site is unique to a specific substrate which means that other substrates cannot react with that enzyme unless the enzyme is modified. [An active site can be altered by a non-competitive enzyme which encircles the enzyme and alters the shape of the active site which could be very dangerous. ] Diagram courtesy of: http://www. wiley. com/college/boyer/0470003790/reviews/kinetics/kinetics_effec ors. htm Diagram courtesy of: http://www. wiley. com/college/boyer/0470003790/reviews/kinetics/kinetics_effectors. htm Note that the enzyme remains unchanged so that more of the some substrates can react. Note that the enzyme remains unchanged so that more of the some substrates can react. Structure Proteins are polymers made by joining up small molecules called amino acids. A mino acids and proteins are made mainly of the elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen. Protein Protein Amino Acid Amino Acid Each gene acts as a code, or set of instructions, for making a particular protein. They tell the cell what to do, give its characteristics, and determine the way its body works. Each protein has a unique sequence of amino acids. This means that the number and order of amino acids is different for each type of protein. The proteins fold into different shapes. The different shapes and sequences give the proteins different functions, e. g. keratin are a fibrous protein found in hair and nails. If the gene has even the slightest of disorder within its sequence it could lead to an inaccurate order of amino acids and so a faulty protein or in our case faulty enzymes. Substrate concentration An enzyme has an active site where it binds the molecule (or molecules) it acts upon; the enzyme then catalyses a chemical reaction involving that molecule (or those molecules). That molecule (or those molecules) is called the enzymes substrate. So the substrate concentration is the concentration of the molecules an enzyme works on. Diagram courtesy of http://biochemistryquestions. wordpress. co m/2008/07/15/induced-fit-model-of-enzyme-substrate-interaction/ Diagram courtesy of http://biochemistryquestions. wordpress. o m/2008/07/15/induced-fit-model-of-enzyme-substrate-interaction/ In general, if there is an increase in substrate concentration, then more enzymes will be catalysing the chemical reaction and the overall rate of reaction will increase. It will continue to increase until all enzymes are actively binding substrate (called saturation), at which point no further increase in rate can occur, no matter how high you raise the substrate concentration. In my investigation into enzyme response to temperature this graph will be of relevant. Diagram courtesy of: http://www. sc. org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/enzymes. htm Diagram courtesy of: http://www. rsc. org/Education/Teachers/Resources/cfb/enzymes. htm Denatured Denatured Denaturing Denaturing Less kinetic energy so the reaction slows down. Less kinetic energy so the reaction slows down. This graph illustrates the response that rate of enzyme activity has at various temperatures. At lower temperatures the rate is very low as there isn’t enough kinetic energy for the enzyme to work at its optimum, then you of course have the enzymes temperature optimum where the enzyme works best at. Finally you have the denaturing of the enzyme which eventually halts with the enzyme being completely denatured where it then will never have any activity. Collision Theory For a chemical reaction to occur, the reactant particles must collide. But collisions that do not have enough energy do not produce a reaction. The particles must have enough energy for the collision to be successful in producing a reaction. The rate of reaction depends on the rate of successful collisions between reactant particles. So the less successful collisions that occurs the less products created. Diagram courtesy of: ttp://www. worthington-biochem. com/introbiochem/tempeffects. html Diagram courtesy of: http://www. worthington-biochem. com/introbiochem/tempeffects. html The reason as to why particles may have or may not have enough energy to create products depends on the amount of kinetic energy in the particles. Hence why at lower temperatures the enzyme becomes inactive as there isn’t a high eno ugh temperature to create the necessary kinetic energy to create the products. As the temperature increases so does the rate which is due to more kinetic energy and hence more successful collisions. H An enzyme can also denature upon extreme pHs. with the extreme pH’s being 1 and 14, the enzyme would denature due to the hydrogen acids within the pH’s damaging the amino acid bonds within the enzyme. By damaging these bonds, the amino acids break apart, this in turn means that the enzyme’s active site will lose its shape, resulting in the denaturing of the enzyme. Henceforth, the optimum pH is in the middle of the pH spectrum as neutral pHs are unable to damage the bonds of the amino acids keeping the enzyme capable of reaction. Preliminary Method a. Get a test tube for each temperature being investigated. b. Add 5 drops, using a pipette, of phenolphthalein to the test tube. c. Measure out 5 cm3  of milk using a measuring cylinder and add this to the test tube. d. Measure out 7 cm3  of sodium carbonate solution using another measuring cylinder and add this to the test tube. The solution should be pink. e. Place a thermometer in the test tube. f. Place the test tube in a water bath and leave until the contents reach the same temperature as the water bath. g. Remove the thermometer from the test tube and replace it with a glass rod. h. Use the 2 cm3  pipette to measure out 1 cm3  of lipase from the beaker in the water bath for the temperature you are investigating. i. Add the lipase to the test tube and start the stopwatch. k. Stir the contents of the test tube until the solution loses its pink colour. l. Stop the clock/ watch and note the time in a suitable table of results. *A control was also investigated by having a test tube with the sodium carbonate, phenolphthalein and milk but without the lipase. This is to test as to whether the solution would turn from pink to white regardless of whether the enzyme was present or not. This was the original method which was used to carry out the preliminary investigation, however upon consideration it was decided that for the real practical a slightly alternate method should be used. In our edited method we made the changes of firstly, on putting the lipase into the water bath, this was because heating up the solution instead is to investigate the effects of the temperature of the solution as oppose to how the temperature of the enzyme effects. Secondly it was decided upon that we would not stir the contents for two reasons: firstly because by stirring the solution it spread the lipase around more which in effect speed the reaction up so much that it was impossible to time; secondly, by stirring the contents it often made the solution over flow which both made a untidiness and caused the volume of the contents to decrease. Finally it was decided that we were to limit the amount of temperatures being investigated as temperatures below 22? the enzyme was inactive hence taking too long to record the time it took for the solution to turn white, at temperatures over 55? c the enzyme, the lipase enzyme would be denaturing hence taking too long to be able to record as well. Final Method a. Get a test tube for each temperature being investigated. b. Add 5 drops, using a pipette, of phenolphthalein to the test tube. c. Measure out 5 cm3  of milk using a measuring cylinder and add this to the test tube. d. Measure out 7 cm3  of s odium carbonate solution using another measuring cylinder and add this to the test tube. The solution should be pink. e. Place a thermometer in the test tube. f. Place the test tube, containing only the lipase enzyme, in a water bath and leave until the contents reach the same temperature as the water bath. g. Remove the thermometer from the test tube. h. Use the 2 cm3  pipette to measure out 1 cm3  of lipase from the beaker in the water bath for the temperature you are investigating. i. Add the lipase to the test tube and start the stopwatch. k. Stop the clock/ watch and note the time in a suitable table of results. A control was also investigated by having a test tube with the sodium carbonate, phenolphthalein and milk but without the lipase. This is to test as to whether the solution would turn from pink to white regardless of whether the enzyme was present or not. Such changes were made in an attempt to improve the validity of the investigation. As is in the nature of an investigation it is impossible to make the results completely accurate and precise. What we c an do however is improve the reproducibility and reliability of our results by repeating the test multiple times. Risk Assessment Substance| Hazard| Risk| Risk rating*| Emergency action| Phenolphthalein | LOW HAZARD| Although it is not hazardous one should take precaution avoiding skin contamination. | 1| If in contact with eyes then flood eyes with water to wash it out. | Lipase| HAZARD| If in contact with skin it can cause an itch. If someone were to have an allergic reaction to lipase it could cause symptoms such as rashes. | 1| Seek emergency assistance if you believe you are having an allergic reaction to lipase. However wash it off as quickly as possible. Sodium Carbonate| IRRITANT| Sodium carbonate contributes to three major hazards: skin irritation, eye damage and internal effects. | 3| If swallowed, drink two or more glasses of water or milk. If in contact with skin use a cloth to wipe the sodium carbonate or rinse with water and if contact with eyes rinse thoroughly. | Milk| LOW HAZARD| If in contact with skin it can cause an itch, however some people may have an allergic reaction to t he substance. | 2| Acting in accordance to the severity of the reaction, one should wash it off as quickly as possible. Water| HAZARD| As the temperature of water we are to use will range between 10 °c-80 °c hot water may come in contact with us and burn ones skin. | 2| If hot water comes in contact with one’s skin one must rinse thoroughly with cold water to prevent further burning. | Test Tubes| HAZARD| If one were to drop a test tube, it would be very likely for it to smash, disintegrating over the floor which could then cut someone’s foot. | 2| If there is to be a broken test tube on the floor one must alert a member of staff and sweep the area whilst restricting anyone from crossing until one has finished clearing the area. Kettle| LOW HAZARD| If one were to knock a kettle over whilst boiling water the contents would spill and henceforth burn someone or something. | 1| Keep the kettle away from electrics and other peoples working areas. | *Risk rating out of / 5 Generic precautions As in all practical’s one must always take precaution of what is at hand, moreover it is obligatory to wear goggles to protect the eyes and to reduce the risk of skin contact one can wear disposable gloves. Another precaution to take is to ensure that no obstacles obstruct your movement as one may then spill a substance or break a piece of apparatus, a basic step is to push in all stools and to stand up when you do a practical. In addition a class should always leave their bags at the back of the classroom and put aside planners and books making a clear workstation. Any spills, accidents or injuries should be dealt with immediately and inform a member of staff. Review of Evidence The shape of the graph resembles that of the rate of enzyme activity graph on page 3, an arc. With the shape of the graph being similar to an arc, it displays clearly that there is a definite optimum to the rate of lipase’s activity and the stages of inactivity and denaturing. The optimum temperature of lipase on this rate graph was the same in both my preliminary data and my real results data which was 30 °c and in both instances the shapes of the graphs do resemble that of an arc. In the preliminary graph, the range bars were rather extensive for example, at 35 °c the difference between the highest (non-anomaly) result and the lowest was 0. 13 in rate. These inaccurate results could have been due to multiple factors with the more obvious being either human error or faulty equipment. By having such a difference in results it only justified the changes which we had made for the real investigation. When looking back upon my original hypothesis, it stated that before the optimum temperature the rates would gradually increase due to the lack of kinetic energy provided from the heat. Upon reviewing the graph it is clearly illustrated that there is an increase in rate from temperatures 22 °c-30 °c with an increase of 0. 26 in rate. I also predicted that the optimum temperature would be 37 °c, due to the fact that lipase operates in the human body and the human body’s temperature should be 37 °c. By analysing the evidence of which the graph presents it tells me that the highest rate of reaction was that of 30 °c, meaning this was the optimum temperature. Finally, I predicted that once the optimum was exceeded, the rates wo uld begin to decrease as they cannot function at such temperatures due to the breaking in the peptide bonds that holds the amino acids together. Once this bond is broken, the enzyme is reduced to its primary structure which is just peptide bonds occurring – the functional structure of the enzyme is lost and it is no longer functional; denatured. After the optimum temperature, which was 30 °c, the rate of reaction began to decline as the temperatures increased. Henceforth, my prediction was right in saying that once the optimum temperature had been passed; the denaturing process would begin to take place, meaning the rates of reactions would become slower. Upon looking back at my quantitative prediction, which stated that â€Å"at 45 °c will be half that of 30 °c. † However, the decrease in rate was far more drastic then I had predicted. (Rate of 30 °c was 0. 032; rate of 45 °c was 0. 005. ) This means that the process of denaturing was far quicker than I had previously predicted which in turn means that my quantitative was incorrect. However, if I were to replace the 45 °c figure in my initial quantitative prediction with 35 °c it could then be plausible as the rate of 35 °c was 0. 011 (30 °c-0. 032. )In addition, I would further modify my initial prediction by Secondary data By analysing the provided secondary data I shall be able to further prove or disprove the evidence that I had recorded. By being able to prove my data with secondary data which has the same outcome and conclusion it proves that that the data is repeatable as there are externally recorded results that support the results that I had recorded. Figure 4 courtesy of: http://www. currentscience. info/upload/IssuesFile/29_issues_Article%2010. pdf Figure 4 courtesy of: http://www. currentscience. info/upload/IssuesFile/29_issues_Article%2010. pdf Figure 3 courtesy of: http://www. google. co. uk/url? sa=t;rct=j;q=;esrc=s;source=web;cd=7;ved=0CGIQFjAG;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. diagnosisp. com%2Fdp%2Fjournals%2Fview_pdf. php%3Fjournal_id%3D1%26archive%3D0%26issue_id%3D31%26article_id%3D1135;ei=nrjEUJ2XC8HJ0AXPy4DACQ;usg=AFQjCNEb15WjPAyJMMgCDAjs3ZaorsN3qg;sig2=mf7h7XRNBjWBD3cdMS2v-w Figure 3 courtesy of: http://www. google. co. uk/url? sa=t;rct=j;q=;esrc=s;source=web;cd=7;ved=0CGIQFjAG;url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. diagnosisp. com%2Fdp%2Fjournals%2Fview_pdf. hp%3Fjournal_id%3D1%26archive%3D0%26issue_id%3D31%26article_id%3D1135;ei=nrjEUJ2XC8HJ0AXPy4DACQ;usg=AFQjCNEb15WjPAyJMMgCDAjs3ZaorsN3qg;sig2=mf7h7XRNBjWBD3cdMS2v-w Figure 1 (left) ; 2 (above) courtesy of: http://www. slideshare. net/wkkok1957/effect-of-temperature-on-lipase-activity-using-ph-sensor Figure 1 (left) ; 2 (above) courtesy of: http://www. slideshare. net/wkkok1957/effect-of-temperature-on-lipase-activity-using-ph-sensor Comparing the data sets As is clearly shown in all of the above figures there is a clear optimum. In terms of the optimum temperature, it ranges from 35 °c (figure 2 ; 3) to 25 °c (figure 4. Whereas in the recorded data that I had collated, it was 30 °c with the rate for 35 °c being significantly less than half of the rate for 30 °c. When comparing the rates at 20-25 °c another difference in rate had occurred as you can see in figures 1, 2, 3 ; 4 there isn’t such a sharp increase in rates whereas in my own results there is a steep increase in rate between 22 °c and 30 °c, a difference of 0. 026. ) Moreover, in terms of the temperature at which the lipase denatures also varied as the denatured point in figure 3 is at 50 °c whereas the temperature at which the lipase denatured in my investigation was at 55 °c. Finally in terms of the shape of the graphs you can see that in figure 2 the shape of the graph is of a rather steady contour oppose to the sharp point that is of my graph shape. The foremost reason as to what caused such differences was the fact that the secondary investigations used an alternate for example in figures 1 ; 2 the method utilised was slightly different as they used more accurate pieces of apparatus for example they used a micropipette to measure the sodium carbonate into the test tube which would ensure for far more accurate measurements then I had made. Secondly they used a pH probe a Logger Pro to detect the change in the milk which would also prove for much more accurate readings in comparison to detecting the change with the eye as we cannot see the entire of the solution and we, henceforth, could record a shorter or longer time to the actual figure as we would essentially be guessing as oppose to knowing when the reaction was definitely complete. On the contrary however, they only repeated each temperature 3 times so as to collect triplicate data. In conclusion I would say that by analysing secondary data it does support my data in its general trend but in terms of individual figures, inactivity and denatured points I am unable to defend and justify that my investigation is completely reproducible. I must say that in all, I would say that the reason as to why there is a difference in the primary data and secondary data is due to multiple factors such as alternate methods, alternate apparatus and an alternate working environment. However, in total, I do feel confident in saying that my results are reproducible to such an extent that it can resemble that of the actual figures and graph shape. Evaluation of errors I believe that the changes made to the preliminary method for the real investigation did improve the overall accuracy of the data in the real results data. However, in the results there were many outliers that were recorded, six in total. These errors and possible inaccuracies were made possible by such factors as human error, equipment error and technique rror. In terms of human error we may have made the mistake of timing the reaction wrong because the people who are timing the investigation may time it wrong. Secondly, there may be a difference in opinion in when the reaction would have fully completed as one may say that the solution still contains traces of pink yet another may say that the solution has no traces left. Finally, there could have been the human error of inaccurately measuring the p ortions of the solution. In terms of equipment error, sometimes the water baths were unable to heat the solution to the specified temperature of which were trying to investigate which would then have the effect of us collating alternate data to what we should have got, this would then alter our rate bars as they be higher or lower. Furthermore, there may no longer have been a real difference in the data’s even if there was supposed to be. Secondly, our portions of the solution may have been measured inaccurately as the measuring cylinders used may have not been accurate enough for us to get precise measurements. On top of this, whilst using the pipette to measure the contents into the measuring cylinder, air bubbles were created which then alter our results as we would then be measuring a different quantity as opposed to the proposed temperature. Finally such technique errors occurred such as the lipase may have not spread equally amongst the solution which would have left a section of the solution untouched by the enzyme. Furthermore as we took the lipase out of the water bath the temperature of the lipase would either increase or decrease if above or below the room temperature. To improve the accuracies and reliabilities of the data collected and to reduce the errors as is mentioned above I would make such alterations to the existing method: -To ensure that the lipase truly got to the temperature that it was supposed to be at an improvement would be as to set the temperature of each water bath 3 °c higher than what was prepared for which would make it easier for the lipase to heat up to the specified temperature. To increase the accuracy and eliminate the of measuring incorrectly the solution ingredients an improvement could be to use a syringe as oppose to a pipette as the pipette can’t measure as accurately as a syringe because whilst using the pipette bubbles where constantly created which made it incredibly difficult to then accurately measure the contents that were to be measured in. -As is the nature of foods and drinks the milk would eventually surpass the date hat it was meant to be consumed by. However this means that the bacteria within t he milk may function in a different manner because the bacteria uses the lactose sugars to reproduce, they change it from â€Å"lactose sugar† into â€Å"lactose acid,† which tastes sour and it becomes a huge food borne illness risk to consume it and it must be discarded. Instead then we can use such alternatives as UHT or powdered milk as they have longer life spans because more of the bacteria is removed. To remove the factor of misjudgement whilst trying to detect as to whether the solution has lost all traces of pink an improvement can be to use a pH probe next time as the pH probe could then accurately detect once the reaction has completely finished by seeing when the figures stop changing on the pH probe. Improved Method a. Get a test tube for each temperature being investigated. b. Add 5 drops, using a pipette, of phenolphthalein to the test tube. c. Measure out 5 cm3  of milk using a measuring cylinder and add this to the test tube. . Measure out 7 cm3  of sodium carbonate solution using another measuring cylinder and add this to the test tube. The solution should be pink. e. Place a thermometer in the test tube. f. Place the test tube in a water bath and leave until the contents reach the same temperature as the water bath. g. Remove the thermometer from the test tube and replace it with a glass rod. h. Use the 3 cm3  syringe to measure out 1 cm3  of lipase from the beaker in the water bath for the temperature you are investigating. . Add the lipase to the test tube and start the stopwatch. k. Using the pH metre wait until it displays that no pink resides in the solution. l. Stop the clock/ watch and note the time in a suitable table of results. *A control was also investigated by having a test tube with the sodium carbonate, phenolphthalein and milk but without the lipase. This is to test as to whether the solution would turn from pink to white regardless of whether the enzyme was present or not. Evaluation of procedures When analysing and evaluating the procedures I shall divide the section into four sectors: precision, accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility. Precision refers to how well experimental data and values agree with each other in multiple tests. [1] The only evidence to demonstrate the precision of the data is the range bars. All range bars excluding 30 °c ;0. 001, however for 30 °c the range is ;0. 001. This proves that the precision of the data was quite good with the exception of the data for 30 °c. By having a small range in data it exemplifies precision of the data as they are all within a similar region of figures. However with 30 °c the data was rather spread meaning that the results for 30 °c degrees were not precise due to the fact that my range bar is rather spread when compared to the likes of the data from 22 °c where the range bar is a quarter of the size of the range bar for 30 °c. This provides me with the necessary evidence to believe that the rest of my results were precise, with the results for 30 °c being the exception. The ability to obtain consistent results when measuring the same part with the same measuring instrument. [2] Upon considering the repeatability of this investigation one can say that the results are most certainly repeatable as the data resembles that of which others have collated and that of the preliminary data. If one were to repeat the investigation with the improved method then the investigation is, with no doubt, repeatable as the evidence lies within the secondary data that supports the data of which I have collated. Accuracy refers to the correctness of a single measurement. Accuracy is determined by comparing the measurement against the true or accepted value. [3] Although there is nothing we can do to improve the accuracy per say, we can, for example, remove outliers that do not share any resemblance to that of the true value, we are able to make more accurate calculations as to what the average is because we are taking out a value that does not mean anything to the true value. By doing so in my calculations it not only improved the accuracy of the results but it also exemplified how some factors could change the results so drastically. This demonstrates that although we can control most factors that alters the results we can’t completely control them as there are endless factors as to what can affect the results recorded, for example the room temperature could affect the results is could have heated or cooled the solution. By controlling the variables of which were possible to control we did all that was possible for us to do in order of making the investigation valid. Furthermore, by repeating the outliers again to get a new set of results it would provide for a more accurate average. This is something that was not done due to the lack of time Reproducibility is one of the main principles of the scientific method, and refers to the ability of a test or experiment to be accurately reproduced, or replicated, by someone else working independently. [4] If the results were to be reproducible then it would be possible to look at secondary data and see that it closely resembles that of the results I have provided. When comparing my results to that of peers of who are carrying at the same investigation there is most certainly a resemblance in the overall shape of the graph. Although the rates may differ the general trend of the graph does suggest the same conclusion that there is a definite optimum at around 30 °c-35 °c. http://www. slideshare. net/wkkok1957/effect-of-temperature-on-lipase-activity-using-ph-sensor -this is a link to someone else’s investigation and results (Tony Hong), from this link you are able to see Tony’s investigation and results that follow a similar method as to mine. With this it is possible to see the results and henceforth make

Star Wars essays

Star Wars essays One of the most important functions of film music is to create a mood or atmosphere so as to create an aural frame of reference for viewing visual images. As movies and television plays a major role in todays society, film composers have become fascinated in creating meaningful musical film score by experimenting different elements of music in order to enrich, enhance, develop and dramatise movie action. One of the most popular and successful American orchestral composers of the modern age, John Williams is the winner of five Academy Awards, 17 Grammys, three Golden Globes, two Emmys and five BAFTA Awards from the British Academy of Film and Television Arts. John Williams was born in New York, on February 8, 1932, the oldest of Esther and Johnny Williams. Music played an important part in his life. From the age of seven he studied piano, and he also learned to play the trombone, the trumpet, and the clarinet. In 1948 the family moved to Los Angeles, where the father free-lanced with film studio orchestras. After graduating in 1950 from North Hollywood High School, where he played, arranged, and composed for the school band, He composed his first serious work, a piano sonata, as a nineteen-year-old student and later a wind quintet never finished or performed. In his Star Wars films, John Williams has successfully used music to accompany he scenes of the Main Theme and Princess Leia from Star Wars; Asteroid Field and The Imperial March from The Empire Strikes Back; and Jabba the Hutt from Return of the Jedi, by incorporating melody, rhythm, harmony, texture, tonality, timbre and dynamic. The Main Theme is featured with the powerful full symphony orchestral music to help the audience to involve to the atmosphere in the unpredictable space scene. Williams used syncopated rhythms and articulations on strong beats and extreme dynamics with the main str ...

Persuasive message Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Persuasive message - Essay Example I was aware that some of the stockholders were not receptive to my ideas, and some of the officials did not want me to be promoted. I made it a point to mention the names of those whom I perceived to be hostile in a patronizing sound, as if the ideas injected in my project were suggested by them. I was aware they had a high level of interest, I was able to cut to the chase quickly, and went directly to the key messages (na 2004). Object of Persuasion: The product we were trying to sell is a residential property under the real estate industry. The competition with the other real estate companies for the kind of market we wanted to monopolize was quite stiff, particularly in the area where I will be transferred, which was not performing well at that time. I proposed to lower the selling price, and to allocate additional budget for special incentives for the Account Consultants, a kind of motivation that is badly needed in that area. Argument: I presented a graph, that depicted the tren ds in the sales productivity when there were promotions and when no promotions were offered to the customers. I had to defend my proposal because it entailed additional cost on the part of the company, which they were not willing to accede to at the start.

Principles of Statistics In-Module Assessment Coursework

Principles of Statistics In-Module Assessment - Coursework Example The period over which the exchange rate is observed is January, 1973 to January 2013. Annual observations are used; for each year, a single value of the exchange rate is observed. Thus, there are 43 annual observations on the exchange rate in the sample of data. Before turning to the specific characteristics of the series, it may be useful to note the significance of forecasting foreign exchange rates. For any economy that is open to international trade, the foreign exchange rates play important roles in deciding policies governing most of the important macro-economic variables in the economy. Particularly since the settlement of most international transactions occur within a short future horizon, the exchange rates likely to be applicable at the time of settlement assumes importance. The magnitude of the associated cash flows in terms of the domestic currency are evaluated by using foreign currency conversions. And these conversions are obtained by denominating the domestic currency by the foreign currency of the trade partner through the foreign exchange rate for the pair of countries (Taylor 1995). ... Since the natural logarithm is a monotonic transformation, all dynamic properties of the series are preserved, only the scale of the magnitude is smaller. Figure 1: The exchange rate between the Japanese Yen and the US Dollar The first and foremost point to be noted is that the price of the Dollar has exhibited a downward trend over the time horizon under consideration. Starting at slightly above 5.8 in 1971, the value of the series has ended at around 4.6 in 2013. However, the series has not continuously declined. It has exhibited periods of upward movements as well as downward movements. The length and magnitude of the downward movements however, dominate the trend. As a result, the overall trend of the series is that of a decline. A closer look reveals that the series exhibits a particular persistence: a downward movement continues for a few years as does an upward movement. That is, once a dip starts, it persists for a few years. Similarly, once an upward swing starts, it seems t o persist for a few years. This pattern of persistence will become important in the forecasting phase. It should also be noted that the average length of the persistence of upswings is visibly smaller than the average length of the downswings. This pattern is particularly clear for the years after 1985. The other pattern worthy of note is that the overall magnitude of increases in the exchange rate over periods of appreciation is smaller than the observed magnitudes of decline in the exchange rate during periods of decreases. Barring the years between 1977 and 1983, this holds true for every period of decline and period of increase. Therefore, the observed pattern of decline in the Japanese price of the US dollar is explained by two

Biodiversity Lab Essay Example for Free

Biodiversity Lab Essay 1. Explain how the ecosystem was affected by the missing species for each round of the demonstration. a. Round 1 = white bead representing lichens. Our laboratory reading for the experiment stated that lichens are instrumental in the development and needs for all species. The text stated, â€Å"Lichens play a part in the creation of soils from which plants can obtain nutrients. Like all living organisms, lichens need nutrients and energy to grow. Nutrients may be obtained from the air including dust, water, and from the substrate organisms grows on obtaining energy through photosynthesis, which is the role of the algal partner. They may also be incidentally fertilized hybrid and insect dung† (Bottcher Rex, 2012, p. 43). With the information obtained from the reading, without lichens, bees, trees, flowers, and humans will all have negative repercussions. b. Round 2 = Yellow bead, representing bees. No bees and lichens the trees will not be pollenated, which will result in a loss of a food source  for humans since bees pollenate trees and flowers for food. Without bees to pollenating, the ecosystems takes another dramatic step towards extinction. One study stated, â€Å"Deduction from floral structure indicates that the flowers of many crops and wild plants are adapted for bee pollination. Further experimental studies of pollination are much needed, to see whether inadequate pollination limits seed set, and which insect species are potential or actual pollinators. The adequacy of pollination of a given plant species will vary regionally with climate, habitat and the nature and density of the local pollinator community† (Corbet, Williams, Osborne, 1991, para. 3). Minus the bees, the results for all other species will be negatively impacted. c. Round 3 = Orange bead, representing trees. The trees are dependent on lichens and with lichens removed. The trees will not have enriched soil to keep living. This is the reason for loss of oxygen for all species who require it and without bees, the fruit that some trees produce will cease to exist, causing food shortages and lack of shade and protection for flowers and humans (Bottcher Rex, 2012). d. Round 4 = Red bead, representing flowers. Lichens removed the soil could not adequately support nutrients required to keep alive. The flowers needs protection and shade from trees to sustain life and the trees were removed due to soil composition and loss of lichens from ecosystem. 2. Provide one action we as humans engage in that leads to the extinction of each of these components. Action affecting Lichens = The use of pesticides, chemicals, other pollutants, and people cause damage to this component that can lead to the irreversible impact on the lichens. Action affecting Trees = The destruction of soil and pollution, a major area where humans are impacting trees is through the removal of forests for trees to support human projects and constructions. â€Å"Ninety-three percent of the forestland in the United States is Privately owned† (Hazel baker, 2008, para. 1). Action affecting Flowers = Even though our chemicals are killing these flowers and making the soil contaminated and resistant to flower species. The use of pesticides and other chemicals, flowers are not engineered like crop seed to survive these chemicals. Action affecting Bees = Due to several human factors, bees are being threatened and destruction of their habitat is the number one reason. For a habitat to remain successful and sustain populations it must provide nesting sites and a seasonal succession of forage, and humans are depleting these areas through population growth and industrialization (Corbet, Williams, Osborne, 1991). 3. Provide three specific actions that humans can take to minimize our impact on the ecosystem and ensure the survival of lichens, trees, flowers, and bees. Action 1 = Bees are a critical part of the ecosystem. Humans need to ensure habitat sustainment to sustain bee populations do not deteriorate to levels that cannot be corrected. â€Å"Bees need food (nectar, pollen) provided by insect-pollinated plants in order to reproduce and produce more bees† (Corbet, Williams, Osborne, 1991, p 2). By creating hives and environments that are conducive to bee sustainment, it is possible that strides can be to reverse the downward trend in populations. This is critical as one study showed. It stated that the loss of bees was a domino effect to other species. It stated, â€Å"If bee pollinated flowers  do not seed, the integrity of Europe’s remaining semi natural vegetation will be destroyed and the colorful flowers of the countryside will be lost. This in turn will deprive many other herbivorous or seed-eating insects, birds and small mammals of their host plants and/or food,  with consequent further loss of species diversity†(Corbet, Williams, Osborne,1991, p 2). Through the saving of the bees, the increase of pollinated of other species helps ensure survival of flowers Action 2 = Humans can stop polluting the soil and surface of lands through illegal dumping, spills, etc. that contaminate and kill lichens that are critical in soil creation and providing nutrients to other plants and trees. With the help of government agencies and through stricter enforcement, creation of neutral pesticides and chemicals, and other products to eliminate harm to the environment and providing a healthier ecosystem for all life to thrive. Action 3 = The best way to save our tree populations is to protect the public lands from forest harvesting and ensure there environmental regulations for commercial logging businesses. â€Å"93% of the forestland in the United States is privately owned† (Hazelbaker, 2008, para. 1). That means that there are plenty of lands available for harvesting and ensuring forests do not die off and leave the negative impacts and loss of a precious resource. Due to the benefits that can be found in the national and state forests, such as clean air, fresh water, etc. I feel it is a good practice to prevent commercial access on these lands. These lands serve as a refuge to wildlife and often provide unique opportunities to the citizens who rarely get an opportunity to experience nature and these environments. POST LAB QUESTIONS 1. Develop a hypothesis on which pot you believe will contain the highest biodiversity. Hypothesis = One pot has direct exposure to sunlight it will have the highest level of biodiversity 2. Based on the results of your experiment, would you reject or accept the hypothesis that you produced in question 1? Explain how you determined this. Accept/Reject = Reject. Table 2 of this experiment, the pot that was placed from all windows had a greater diversity of growth from the random seeds planted in it, versus the one with direct sunlight. The pot that had direct sunlight yielded smaller totals in each of the five plants planted in each pot as well as a smaller overall plant yield. While some individual plants had close results, there was a total difference of the total plants of 48. 3. If each pot was a sample you found in a group of wildflowers, would you determine based on the diversity of flowers that the ecosystem is healthy? Why or why not. Answer = I would say that each sample would yield results of a healthy ecosystem based on the diversity in each sample. Each plant has samples of  all five seeded plants planted and yielded results in two weeks. While both specimens yielded results, I would say the ecosystem sample that was not in direct sunlight did show signs of a healthier ecosystem and believe that the temperature and light changes the other sample was exposed to could have played a part in the results. Example, living in Arizona my residence has low humidity and low temperatures at night and moderate temperatures in the mid-morning through sundown that affected the sample with sunlight exposure. The other sample, the one away from the windows, sat in the middle of my apartment on a shelf in the laundry room, with no direct exposure to sunlight, but not completely in the dark, had more stable temperatures and had constant ambient light exposure through the day and did not suffer cold drafts from the windows that could have made the other specimens plants yield lower results. 4. How does biodiversity contribute to the overall health of an ecosystem? Provide specific examples and utilize at least one scholarly resource to back your answer. Answer = Biodiversity contributes to all levels of an ecosystem. â€Å"Biodiversity, short for biological diversity, includes the genetic variation between all organisms, species, and populations, and all of their complex communities and ecosystems. It also reflects to the interrelatedness of genes, species, and ecosystems and their interactions with the environment† (Bottcher Rex, 2012, p. 39). The experiment with the two pots is similar to that of a forest ecosystem. â€Å"A functioning forest ecosystem, for example, exhibits rates of plant production, carbon storage, and nutrient cycling that are characteristic of most forests† (Chapin, Costanza, Ehrlich, Golley, Hooper, Lawton, Tilman, 1999, para. 9). The five seeds that grew in each pot were sharing nutrients from the soil and the evidence showed that certain species thrived in numbers over the others that grew. As one research analysis on biodiversity, there are always species interactions that have impact on the other species. The study stated, â€Å"Ecosystem functioning results from interactions among and within different levels of the biota, which ecologists describe as a nested hierarchy. Example, green  plant production on land is the end product of interactions of individual plants nested within populations; interactions among populations nested within a single species; interactions among a variety of species nested within a group of functionally similar species; and so on up to the level of interactions between different types of ecosystems nested within landscapes† (Chapin, Costanza, Ehrlich, Golley, Hooper, Lawton, Tilman, 1999, para. 11). While some ecosystems continue to exist, some thrive, the harm being done to, and overall health of the ecosystem is dependent on the actions we as humans take. Our society has destroyed ecosystems, species, etc. and pollution, air quality, and other factors have seen many ecosystems destroyed and become extinct. â€Å"From current research, we have identified the following impacts on ecosystem functioning that often result from loss of biodiversity: -Plant production may decline as regional and local diversity declines; -Ecosystem resistance to environmental perturbations, such as drought, may be lessened as biodiversity is reduced. -Ecosystem processes such as soil nitrogen levels, water use, plant productivity, and pest and disease cycles may become more variable as diversity declines† (Chapin, Costanza, Ehrlich, Golley, Hooper, Lawton, Tilman, 1999, para. 11). In the end, if action is not taken soon, the devastation created through our industrialization, over population in countries across the world, etc. can lead to consequences that can see more devastation and harm that may not be able to be undone if our society fails to take the necessary action to sustain life of all ecosystems. References Hilmo, O., Sà ¥stad, S. M. (2001). Colonization of old-forest lichens in a young and an old boreal i Picea abies forest: an experimental approach. Biological Conservation, 102 (3), 251-259. Chapin III, F. S., Costanza, R., Ehrlich, P. R., Golley, F. B., Hooper, D. U., Lawton, J. H., Tilman, D. (1999). Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: maintaining natural life support processes. Washington, DC: Ecological Society of America. Hazelbaker, J. (2008). Logging on national forests national forest management zero cut – no. Retrieved from: http://www.worldissues360.com/index.php/logging-on-national-forests-national-forest-management-zero-cut-no-26744/. Corbet, S. A., Williams, I. H., Osborne, J. L. (1991). Bees and the pollination of crops and wild flowers in the European Community. Bee World 7 (2), 47-59.